Detailed report by country
This report has 3 pages
| Country | Institution | Your Position | Gender | a. Formal degree programmes related to marine science: | i.BSc | ii.MSc | iii.PhD | iv.Postdoc | b. Short-term training programmes (e.g. 1 week training course, etc.) | c. Community extension services (e.g. coastal clean up, ocean awareness drive, etc.) | d. Technical assistance to government | i.training government officials | ii.providing technical services to government | e. Internship/Fellowship programme (e.g. onboad training, cruise studies, etc.) |
| Argentina | Servicio de HidrografÃa Naval | Technical Secretary | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Not Applicable |
| Benin | Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin (IRHOB) | Director | Needs to be established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | |
| Chile | CHILEAN NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SERVICE | DIRECTOR | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Colombia | Colombian Ocean Commission | International Adviser | Female | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established |
| Comoros | Université des Comores | Lecturer | Male | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | State Hydro-Meteorological Administration | Director | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| Egypt | National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | President of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | Male | Not Applicable | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| El Salvador | Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales | Especialista en Oceanografía | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable |
| Estonia | Ministry of the Environment of Estonia | Coordinator | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent |
| Finland | Finnish Meteorological Institute | Safety, Head of Group | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established |
| France | Comité national français pour la COI | Présidente | Female | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Germany | Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency | Secretariat of German IOC-Section | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Guinea | Centre de Recherche Scientifique de Conakry Rogbanè (CERESCOR) | Chercheur Océanographe / Directeur Ecole Doctorale en Océanographie, Environnement Marin et Côtier | Male | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| India | INCOIS | Director | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science | Director | Male | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Kenya | Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute | Director-Focal Point 3 | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Kuwait | Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research | Principal Research Scientist, Kuwait Representative to IOC | Female | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Lebanon | National Centre for Marine Sciences-CNRSL | Director of the Centre & Researcher | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Mexico | MEXICO NODC | Coordinator | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Morocco | INRH | National Focal Point | Male | |||||||||||
| Nigeria | Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Director | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Pakistan | National Institute of Oceanography | Senior Research Scientist | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent |
| Panama | Autoridad Marítima de Panamá | Jefe de Ambiente | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent |
| Peru | Dirección de HidrografÃa y Navegación – Perú | Director | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Not Applicable |
| Portugal | Instituto Hidrografico | Oceanographer | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| Sudan | UNESCO Chair on Marine Biology and Oceanography / Sudan | Chairholder | Male | Well-established | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent |
| Sweden | SMHI | Senior oceanographer/data manager | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| Togo | University of Lome | Lecturer, IOC National Focal Point | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Tunisia | Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM) | Professor | Male | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established |
| United Republic of Tanzania | Institute of Marine Sciences, UDSM | PO box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Vietnam | Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology | Director | Female | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established |
| ADDITIONAL | ||||||||||||||
| Ecuador | Instituto Oceanográfico y Antártico de la Armada | Investigador Oceanográfico | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| Country | Institution | Your Position | Gender | i.hosting external students | ii.sending out students | f. Visiting lecturer/scholar programmes | i.hosting external lecturers/researchers | ii.sending out lecturers/researchers | g. Organizing/hosting workshops, seminars, training courses related to marine science | i.international | ii.regional | iii.national | h. Young scientists award | i. Membership in consortia of universities |
| Argentina | Servicio de HidrografÃa Naval | Technical Secretary | Male | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Benin | Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin (IRHOB) | Director | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | |
| Chile | CHILEAN NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SERVICE | DIRECTOR | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established |
| Colombia | Colombian Ocean Commission | International Adviser | Female | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Comoros | Université des Comores | Lecturer | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | State Hydro-Meteorological Administration | Director | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Egypt | National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | President of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established |
| El Salvador | Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales | Especialista en Oceanografía | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established |
| Estonia | Ministry of the Environment of Estonia | Coordinator | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Non-existent |
| Finland | Finnish Meteorological Institute | Safety, Head of Group | Female | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent |
| France | Comité national français pour la COI | Présidente | Female | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent |
| Germany | Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency | Secretariat of German IOC-Section | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Guinea | Centre de Recherche Scientifique de Conakry Rogbanè (CERESCOR) | Chercheur Océanographe / Directeur Ecole Doctorale en Océanographie, Environnement Marin et Côtier | Male | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| India | INCOIS | Director | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science | Director | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established |
| Kenya | Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute | Director-Focal Point 3 | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Not Applicable |
| Kuwait | Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research | Principal Research Scientist, Kuwait Representative to IOC | Female | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Lebanon | National Centre for Marine Sciences-CNRSL | Director of the Centre & Researcher | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent |
| Mexico | MEXICO NODC | Coordinator | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Morocco | INRH | National Focal Point | Male | |||||||||||
| Nigeria | Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Director | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Not Applicable |
| Pakistan | National Institute of Oceanography | Senior Research Scientist | Female | Non-existent | Not applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Not Applicable |
| Panama | Autoridad Marítima de Panamá | Jefe de Ambiente | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established |
| Peru | Dirección de HidrografÃa y Navegación – Perú | Director | Male | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Needs to be established |
| Portugal | Instituto Hidrografico | Oceanographer | Female | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Well-established | Non-existent | Needs to be established |
| Sudan | UNESCO Chair on Marine Biology and Oceanography / Sudan | Chairholder | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent |
| Sweden | SMHI | Senior oceanographer/data manager | Female | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Not Applicable |
| Togo | University of Lome | Lecturer, IOC National Focal Point | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Tunisia | Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM) | Professor | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established |
| United Republic of Tanzania | Institute of Marine Sciences, UDSM | PO box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Vietnam | Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology | Director | Female | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| ADDITIONAL | ||||||||||||||
| Ecuador | Instituto Oceanográfico y Antártico de la Armada | Investigador Oceanográfico | Female | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Country | Institution | Your Position | Gender | i.global | ii.regional | iii.national | j. collaborative research projects on marine science with | i.academic institutions | ii.national government | iii.local governments | iv.private sector | v.international organizations | vi.regional organizations | vii.local NGOs |
| Argentina | Servicio de HidrografÃa Naval | Technical Secretary | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
| Benin | Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin (IRHOB) | Director | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | |
| Chile | CHILEAN NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SERVICE | DIRECTOR | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Colombia | Colombian Ocean Commission | International Adviser | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Comoros | Université des Comores | Lecturer | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | State Hydro-Meteorological Administration | Director | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Egypt | National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | President of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries | Male | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| El Salvador | Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales | Especialista en Oceanografía | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Estonia | Ministry of the Environment of Estonia | Coordinator | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Finland | Finnish Meteorological Institute | Safety, Head of Group | Female | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| France | Comité national français pour la COI | Présidente | Female | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Germany | Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency | Secretariat of German IOC-Section | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Guinea | Centre de Recherche Scientifique de Conakry Rogbanè (CERESCOR) | Chercheur Océanographe / Directeur Ecole Doctorale en Océanographie, Environnement Marin et Côtier | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| India | INCOIS | Director | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science | Director | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Kenya | Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute | Director-Focal Point 3 | Male | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Kuwait | Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research | Principal Research Scientist, Kuwait Representative to IOC | Female | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Lebanon | National Centre for Marine Sciences-CNRSL | Director of the Centre & Researcher | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Mexico | MEXICO NODC | Coordinator | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Morocco | INRH | National Focal Point | Male | |||||||||||
| Nigeria | Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research | Director | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent | Well-established | Non-existent | Non-existent | Well-established |
| Pakistan | National Institute of Oceanography | Senior Research Scientist | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Panama | Autoridad Marítima de Panamá | Jefe de Ambiente | Male | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Peru | Dirección de HidrografÃa y Navegación – Perú | Director | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Portugal | Instituto Hidrografico | Oceanographer | Female | Needs to be established | Not Applicable | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Sudan | UNESCO Chair on Marine Biology and Oceanography / Sudan | Chairholder | Male | Non-existent | Non-existent | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Sweden | SMHI | Senior oceanographer/data manager | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Non-existent |
| Togo | University of Lome | Lecturer, IOC National Focal Point | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established |
| Tunisia | Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM) | Professor | Male | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| United Republic of Tanzania | Institute of Marine Sciences, UDSM | PO box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania | Male | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established |
| Vietnam | Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology | Director | Female | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |
| ADDITIONAL | ||||||||||||||
| Ecuador | Instituto Oceanográfico y Antártico de la Armada | Investigador Oceanográfico | Female | Non-existent | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established | Well-established | Well-established | Needs to be established |